Greek physician Hippocrates recommended elderberry for a wide variety of ailments in 4th century B.C. The Romans used elder primarily as a purgative and emetic. During the Middle Ages, the roots were used for remedies to reduce swelling, the leaves into ointments for sprains, bruises, and wounds; teas were drunk for rheumatic aches, colds, and coughs. Cutting elder trees was thought to bring harm to those who used the wood to build houses and cradles; in other places, Elder was a symbol of protection against evil spirits and was often placed above doors and windows to fend off witches. For centuries, the berries have been stewed into preserves, baked into pastries, and made into wine.